인삼의 지용성성분은 실험쥐의 암세포생장을 억제하는 것으로 밝혀졌다 (Kim, 1989). 이 구성성분은 파낙시돌(panaxydol), 파낙시놀(panaxynol), 파낙시트리올(panaxytriol)이며, 이들은 백혈병을 유발시키는 L1210 암세포에 강한 억제효과를 보여왔다. 일반적으로, 파낙시돌, 파낙시놀, 파낙시트리올 같은 폴리아세틸렌(polyacetylene)계 화합물은 항암효과와 항산화효과를 보인다(Ahn et al., 1988 ; Kim et al., 1989). 그리고, 고려인삼의 폴리아세틸렌계 화합물 함유량은 미국삼, 삼칠삼의 함유량 보다 훨씬 더 많다.
말톨(maltol) 같은 페놀계 화합물 (Han et al., 1981, 1992)은 항산화작용과 몸에 있는 지질과산화물의 형성억제를 통해 항노화효과를 보이기도 한다. 말톨은 고려홍삼 특유 페놀계 화합물이다.
정제된 오일 성분 중에, 진통제 역할을 하는 피넨(pinene)과 소염제, 항생제, 그리고 장의 이상발효(異常醱酵) 억제효과를 가진 오시넨(ocinene) 등이 있다. 더욱이, 아데노신(adenosine), 산성 펩타이드(acidic peptide), 망간함유물질 같은 항당뇨성분과 유효약리작용을 하는 사포닌 이외의 성분이 밝혀짐으로 해서, 사포닌 이외의 성분의 중요성을 인식하게 됐다 (Han et al., 1981 ; Okuda, 1990).
그 동안, 항염증 성분인 파낙시놀과 리놀렌산(linoleic acid)의 중요성이 강조되어 왔다. 그리고 고려삼(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer)은 단백질, 핵산 같은 질소함유성분, 필수 아미노산을 가진 성분, 그리고 필수 지방산을 함유하고 있다. 특히, 아미노산은 미국삼과 삼칠삼보다 고려인삼에 훨씬 더 많이 들어있다.
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